Oliver Dillard: Difference between revisions

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Though he was still enrolled in college, Dillard was drafted in [[1945]] and sent to basic training at [[Fort McClellan]] in [[Anniston]] that June. He was part of a group of black replacement troops that was stationed in Weißenburg in Bayern, a major magnet for displaced Germans in the aftermath of [[World War II]]. Dillard served as a company clerk in the 349th Field Artillery Group and was promoted to Technical Sergeant during that deployment.
Though he was still enrolled in college, Dillard was drafted in [[1945]] and sent to basic training at [[Fort McClellan]] in [[Anniston]] that June. He was part of a group of black replacement troops that was stationed in Weißenburg in Bayern, a major magnet for displaced Germans in the aftermath of [[World War II]]. Dillard served as a company clerk in the 349th Field Artillery Group and was promoted to Technical Sergeant during that deployment.


Dillard's application to Officer Candidate School was approved and he was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia for Infantry OCS training in January [[1947]]. Upon graduating with honors in July of that year he was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant.
Dillard's application to Officer Candidate School was approved and he was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia for Infantry OCS training in January [[1947]]. Upon graduating with honors in July of that year he was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant. He was assigned to the 365th Infantry Regiment at Fort Dix, New Jersey.


He graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in [[1958]] and completed his bachelor of science at the University of Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska. He went on to complete a master of science in international affairs at George Washington University in [[1965]] and he became the first African American to graduate from the National War College at Fort Lesley J. McNair that same year.
In June [[1950]] Dillard joined the 3rd Battalion, 24th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division stationed at Camp Gifu, Japan for service during the [[Korean War]]. His regiment was deployed north of Pusan and charged with delaying the advance of North Korean forces along the Naktong River valley. Dillard's platoon took the lead in capturing a major junction at Yecheon, an accomplishment that was considered the first notable American ground victory of the war. Dillard was wounded that August and received treatment in Japan for his wounds. Upon his recovery, he was recruited to serve as a Captain in military intelligence under Lieutenant Colonel Melvin Blair.


<!--He also served as the first black general officer in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, the last J2 (senior Intelligence officer) for the U.S. Military Assistance Command – [[Vietnam]], the first [[U.S. Army Forces Command]] Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, and the first black Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence for the [[U.S. Army Europe]]. Dillard retired from the U.S. Army in 1980, after a career spanning 34 years.
In September Dillard was involved in setting up defensive positions for the 3rd Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment when enemy action disrupted Company L's position. He took a small group to reinforce the location and his heroic effectiveness was noted by assistant division commander Joseph Bradley in his Silver Star citation.


==Education==
After active service in five campaigns, Dillard returned the United States to attend the Infantry Officers Advanced Course, graduating sixth in his class. From [[1952]] to [[1954]] he taught military science at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro. In [[1954]] he was assigned to the 4th Infantry Division in Gelnhausen, Germany and placed in command of Company C, 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment. After several months, Colonel Kenneth Collins made him a Regimental Communications Officer. When the division was deactivated, Dillard was assigned as Chief of the Map Reading Committee for the 7th Army Noncommissioned Officer Academy in Munich.
Subsequently, he was assigned to the [[365th Infantry Regiment (United States)|365th Infantry Regiment]] at [[Fort Dix]], [[New Jersey]], where he held numerous assignments as a [[lieutenant]] ending as a [[Battalion]] [[S3 (military)|S3]]. In June 1950, he joined the 3rd Battalion, [[24th Infantry Regiment (United States)|24th Infantry]], [[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]] stationed at Camp Gifu, [[Gifu, Gifu]], [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=general+oliver+dillard&source=bl&ots=k9VX3EAOq1&sig=h56xT3w0TXiyN2oCl-zw6cCRGIg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GT6fT_iWLcfz6QH319WWAg&sqi=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=general%20oliver%20dillard&f=false
|title=''Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea'' |author= William T. Bowers, William M. Hammond, George L. MacGarrigle
|date=August 21, 1996|work= |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref>


===Korean War===
Dillard then returned to the U.S. and graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in [[1958]]. He went on to earn his bachelor of science at the University of Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska in [[1960]] and was then assigned to the G3 Section, Headquarters 1st U.S. Army at Fort Jay, New York. He served as Operations and Plans Officer and as Exercise G3, with the rank of Major, for the "Iroquois Hatchet" and "Mohawk Arrow" exercises simulating enemy land and air invasions, staged at Camp Drum.
[[File:24 Infantry Regiment Badge.png|thumb|right|Distinctive unit insignia of the US Army's 24th Infantry Regiment.]]


[[File:Korean war 1950-1953.gif|thumb|right|Territory often changed hands early in the war, until the front stabilized.]]
Dillard was assigned to serve as deputy Chief of Mission for the U.S. Military Mission to Monrovia, Liberia in December [[1960]] and later was promoted to Operations Officer, assisting the African nation with its military and intelligence planning and helping to prepare Liberian troops to participate in United Nations intervention in the Congo.


Lieutenant Dillard deployed with the 24th Infantry Regiment to the [[Republic of Korea]] as part of the response to North Korean aggression.  Upon landing at [[Pusan]], Dillard and the 25th Infantry Division were initially positioned some one hundred miles north of Pusan and given the mission of blocking and delaying advancing North Korean forces moving down the [[Naktong River]] valley from the northwest.<br/><ref>{{citation |title=''The Line: COMBAT IN KOREA, January-February 1951''|author=William T. Bowers, Editor|year=2008 |work=The Association of the United States Army|publisher=The University Press of Kentucky|accessdate=}}</ref>
In [[1963]] Dillar was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) in the Pentagon as leader of the Foreign Intelligence Assistance Section, Special Warfare and Foreign Assistance Branch, and also as Chief of the Europe, Africa, and Middle East Section.


On July 21, 1950, [[Lieutenant]] Dillard’s platoon was the lead element as the 3rd Battalion, 24th Infantry — supported by other elements of the 24th [[Regimental Combat Team]] — conducted the first major offensive mission by the 25th Infantry Division with its recapture of the vital road junction town of [[Yecheon]] driving out the North Korean defenders, and repulsing a North Korean attempts to retake the town. It was considered by the Congress and the [[United States Department of Defense]] as the first sizable American ground victory of the war.  A thorough accounting of Dillard’s exploits are described in Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Bradley Biggs' October 2003 ''Military Review'' article, “The ‘Deuce-Four’ in Korea.”  A veteran of the [[555th Parachute Infantry Battalion (United States)]], Colonel Biggs described General Dillard as “a superb officer” and commended him for his use of surprise and speed during the battle of Yecheon.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Dillard Now General |author=LTC Bradley Biggs, USA Retired |date=September–October 2003 |pages=58–59 |publisher=''[[Military Review]]'' |volume=83 |number=5 |accessdate=}}</ref>  Following recovery in Japan from wounds<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thepurpleheart.com/recipient/RecipientDetails.aspx?wid=11dc8ce8-e9a6-4e69-93e6-cd11ed6f923f|title=Purple Heart recipient - Oliver Williams Dillard|date=|work=|publisher=National Purple Heart Hall of Honor|accessdate=June 11, 2012}}</ref> received on August 6, 1950, Dillard received his first [[Military Intelligence]] assignment as a Battalion S2.<ref name="google1996">{{cite book|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=general+oliver+dillard&source=bl&ots=k9VX3EAOq1&sig=h56xT3w0TXiyN2oCl-zw6cCRGIg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GT6fT_iWLcfz6QH319WWAg&sqi=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=general%20oliver%20dillard&f=false
While in Washington, Dillard completed a master of science in international affairs at George Washington University in [[1965]] and he became the first African American to graduate from the National War College at Fort Lesley J. McNair that same year. He was assigned to serve as an Operations and Training Staff Officer at the Institute of Special Studies at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. In [[1967]], with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, Dillard was placed in command of a battalion of the 5th Combat Support Training Brigade at Fort Dix.
|title= ''Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea''|author= William T. Bowers, William M. Hammond, George L. MacGarrigle
|date=August 21, 1996|work= |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |accessdate=April 13, 2011}}</ref>


While Dillard was assigned as the Battalion S2 for 3rd Battalion, [[24th Infantry Regiment (United States)]], he was awarded the [[Silver Star]] for his actions near [[Masan]], [[Republic of Korea]] from September 14–15, 1950.  While setting the defense of the battalion with his Battalion Commander, Lieutenant Colonel Melvin Blair, Dillard responded to enemy action occurring in Company L’s area. He and a small group reinforced the company defense location and fought with heroic effectiveness. His [[Assistant Division Commander|assistant division commander]], [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] Joseph S. Bradley — a distinguished war hero from [[World War II]] and Korea — awarded the [[Silver Star]] to [[Captain (land)|Captain]] Dillard.<ref name="google1996"/>
Following his training at the Foreign Service Institute's Vietnam Training Center, Colonel Dillard reported to the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MAC-V) as a Province Senior Advisor for the Kon Tum Province. He built a close relationship with South Korean Army Province Chief Nguyen Hop Doan and his civilian deputy, USAID employee Ken Lyvers. They collaborated in the organization of villages in the province to maintain food supplies and home defenses through the fighting.


Following his year in combat and participation in five campaigns, [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Dillard returned to the United States and attended the Infantry Officers Advanced Course where he graduated 6th in his class. In 1952 to 1954, he served as [[Assistant Professor]] of [[Military science|Military Science]] at [[North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University]] in [[Greensboro]], [[North Carolina]]. Dillard imparted his recent Korea experience and his experiences as an ROTC [[cadet]] at [[Tuskegee Institute]] to his North Carolina A&T cadets, including Charles Bussey, who became a [[Major general (United States)|major genera]]l and served as chief of Army public affairs from 1984 to 1987.<ref>{{cite web
In [[1971]] Dillard returned to Washington as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. He oversaw the relocation of the Army Intelligence Center to Fort Huachuca, Arizona and expanded the MI branch with tactical battalions in each Divisiion and also supported development of the Guardrail aerial platform. In [[1972]] he was promoted to Brigadier General, the fifth African American to reach that rank in the U.S. Army, and the first to do so as an intelligence officer.
|url= http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/cdbussey.htm
|title= Charles D. Bussey, Major General, United States Army
|date=|work=|publisher= |accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>


===Post Korean War===
<!--====Vietnam Senior Staff Officer====
In 1954, Captain Dillard was assigned to [[4th Infantry Division (United States)]] in [[Gelnhausen]], [[Federal Republic of Germany]], where he commanded Company C, 1st Battalion, [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)]].  After observing then Captain Dillard for several months, the Regimental Commander — Colonel (later Major General) Kenneth W. Collins — moved him to the position of Regimental Communications Officer, a position of importance to a Cold War infantry unit.  When the 4th Infantry Division was inactivated, General Dillard became the Chief, Map Reading Committee at the [[Seventh Army (US)|Seventh Army]] Noncommissioned Officers Academy in [[Munich]], Germany.
 
Following his Germany assignment, Major Dillard graduated from the [[Army Command and General Staff College]] (CGSC), where he was one of only three Black officers in his class, in 1958.<ref name=Bass_2003/><ref>{{citation |title=''The Bell of 1958: Yearbook of the Regular Course Students and Faculty of the Command and General Staff College''|author=Students and Faculty of the Command and General Staff College|year=1958 |pages=70, 81, and 85 |location=US Fort Leavenworth, KS |publisher=Army Command and General Staff College |accessdate=}}</ref>  He graduated in the top third of his class. After CGSC, he completed his [[bachelor’s degree]] at the [[University of Omaha]] under the Army’s Bootstrap Program, which leveraged his earlier studies at Tuskegee Institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unomaha.edu/news/releases/2009/08/17_military.php|title=UNO Named a Top military friendly School|author= Wendy Townley - University Relations|date=August 17, 2009|work=New release|publisher= University of Nebraska at Omaha|accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>
 
Major Dillard was subsequently assigned to the G3 Section, Headquarters First United States Army at [[Fort Jay]], [[New York]], and served as Operations and Plans Officer and subsequently as Exercise G3 for Exercises IROQUOIS HATCHET and MOHAWK ARROW. He departed [[First United States Army]] in December 1960 and was assigned to the U.S. Military Mission to [[Liberia]], [[Monrovia, Liberia]], initially as deputy Chief of Mission and later as the Operations Officer.  He received unprecedented access to the [[Armed Forces of Liberia]] operations and intelligence planning process.  Dillard became a valued coach and mentor to Liberian officers and assisted them in integrating advanced staff techniques and processes into their planning.  He also helped prepare a Liberian company, designated the Reinforced Security Company, for assistance to the [[United Nations Operation in the Congo]].<ref name=Bass_2003>{{citation
|title=The Path of My Pilgrimage: The Autobiography of Marshall Brent Bass
|author=LTC Marshall B. Bass, USA Retired, with William H. Turner |year=2003
|page=179 |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]] |isbn=9781410726827
|accessdate=11 March 2014
|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Path_of_My_Pilgrimage.html?id=1DqCcOfIaaUC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia|title=Armed Forces of Liberia|date=|work=|publisher=|accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=August 2015}}
 
===Vietnam War===
 
====Military Intelligence====
[[File:MI Corps Insignia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Military Intelligence Corps branch insignia. MI Branch established 1 July 1962.]]
After a number of years since his first Intelligence assignment in Korea, [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Dillard was assigned to Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI), Department of the Army in 1963.  He used his recent experiences in Korea, Germany and Africa to adeptly lead the Foreign Intelligence Assistance Section, Special Warfare and Foreign Assistance Branch, with an additional duty as Chief of Europe, Africa, and Middle East Section.  In 1965, Dillard graduated from the [[National War College]]; the first Black officer to do so. Subsequently, he was assigned to the Special Studies Directorate, [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|US Army Combat Developments Command]]’s Institute of Special Studies at [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]], where he served as Operations and Training Staff Officer, Special Studies Division, and later as Chief of Analysis/ Coordination Branch, Study Division 3.  In 1967, Colonel Dillard was assigned to command a battalion of the 5th Combat Support Training Brigade at Fort Dix, and later he commanded the Brigade for a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/mi/ch10.htm|title=''MILITARY INTELLIGENCE''|author= John Patrick Finnegan|year=1998|work=pages 157-160|publisher= United States Army Center of Military History|accessdate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>
 
====Advisor====
[[File:NguyenHopDoan.JPG|thumb|left|South Vietnam Province Chief, Nguyen Hop Doan, wearing the rank of Colonel.]]
 
 
Following attendance at the [[Foreign Service Institute]]’s Vietnam Training Center in 1969, Colonel Dillard reported for duty at US [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam]] (MAC-V) as a Province Senior Advisor (PSA) for [[Kon Tum]] Province.  While assigned as the PSA for Advisory Team 41, Military Region II, his success was documented in the ''[[Washington Post]]'' as the example for how to build a close relationship with the Province Chief, [[Nguyen Hop Doan]], and his civilian deputy, Ken Lyvers, a [[United States Agency for International Development]] employee.  Together, they grew the Provincial and Popular Forces to defend the Province and organized the villages and hamlets — Vietnamese and [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]] — to feed and defend themselves.<ref>{{cite web|url=|title=The U.S. Adviser: ‘We’re Here to See They Get the Job Done Right.|author= Peter Jay|date=Dec 26, 1970|work=ProQuest Historical Newspapers ''the Washington Post'' (1877-1994), ProQuest. Web. July 5, 2011.|publisher=''The Washington Post'', ''Times Herald'' (1959-1973)|accessdate=}}</ref>
 
[[File:Patch of Military Assistance Command, Vietnam.png|thumb|left|Unit Shoulder Patch of US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam.]]
 
In 1971, after two years of exemplary service in the PSA Program, General Dillard returned to the Office of ACSI, the Army Staff, where he served as the Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence—the first Black officer in this position.  From this position, he pushed hard to: (1) move the Army Intelligence Center to [[Fort Huachuca]], [[Arizona]]; his testimony before Congress was compelling; (2) further develop the MI branch; (3) get tactical MI Battalions in the Divisions; and (4) field the Guardrail aerial platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015035790263?urlappend=%3Bseq=387 |title=Relocation of the U.S. Army Intelligence School from Fort Holabird to Fort Huachuca|author= Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives|date=May 10, 1972|work= pages 35-50|accessdate=May 14, 2012}}</ref>  Secretary of the Army [[Robert F. Froehlke]] pinned on Dillard's star—promoting him to Brigadier General, and making him the fifth Black general in Army history and arguably its first Black Intelligence general officer—at a Pentagon ceremony, which was covered by ''[[Baltimore Afro-American|The Afro-American]]'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19720318&id=EScmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3278,1672711 |title= Dillard Now General |date=March 18, 1972|work=The Afro American|publisher=The Afro American |accessdate=April 30, 2011}}</ref>
 
====Vietnam Senior Staff Officer====
At the behest of General [[Frederick C. Weyand]], General Dillard returned to MAC-V headquarters in [[Saigon]] for duty as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (CORDS).  In this position, he worked with General Weyand and [[Ambassador]] [[William Colby]] on CORDS plans and operations throughout Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.archive.org/stream/vietnampolicypro00unit/vietnampolicypro00unit_djvu.txt"|title= ''Vietnam: Policy and Prospects, 1970'' |author= HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, UNITED STATES SENATE, NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON CIVIL OPERATIONS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM |date=March 19, 1970|work= Committee on Foreign Relations|publisher= U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE |accessdate=November 28, 2014}}</ref>  Following the signing of the [[Paris Peace Accords]] and as American and third country forces began withdrawing from Vietnam, General Dillard was assigned as MAC-V’s last Director of Intelligence, and departed on March 29, 1973 when MAC-V disbanded.
At the behest of General [[Frederick C. Weyand]], General Dillard returned to MAC-V headquarters in [[Saigon]] for duty as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (CORDS).  In this position, he worked with General Weyand and [[Ambassador]] [[William Colby]] on CORDS plans and operations throughout Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.archive.org/stream/vietnampolicypro00unit/vietnampolicypro00unit_djvu.txt"|title= ''Vietnam: Policy and Prospects, 1970'' |author= HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, UNITED STATES SENATE, NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON CIVIL OPERATIONS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT PROGRAM |date=March 19, 1970|work= Committee on Foreign Relations|publisher= U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE |accessdate=November 28, 2014}}</ref>  Following the signing of the [[Paris Peace Accords]] and as American and third country forces began withdrawing from Vietnam, General Dillard was assigned as MAC-V’s last Director of Intelligence, and departed on March 29, 1973 when MAC-V disbanded.


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As his final assignment, Major General Dillard served as the Commanding General, United States Army Readiness Region II at Fort Dix, New Jersey until 1980 when he retired.  He used his knowledge of combat arms and the Intelligence battlefield operating system to assess and train Reserve Component units assigned to First United States Army.
As his final assignment, Major General Dillard served as the Commanding General, United States Army Readiness Region II at Fort Dix, New Jersey until 1980 when he retired.  He used his knowledge of combat arms and the Intelligence battlefield operating system to assess and train Reserve Component units assigned to First United States Army.


==Awards and decorations==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor = "#ccccff" align=center
! colspan=2 | Military awards
|-
|[[File:CIB2.png|100px]]
|[[Combat Infantryman Badge]] with Star (2nd award)
|-
|[[File:United States Army Staff Identification Badge.png|100px]]
|[[Army Staff Identification Badge]]
|-
General Dillard’s military awards include the [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] with one Oak Leaf Cluster, [[Silver Star]], [[Legion of Merit]] with two Oak Leaf Clusters, [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] with one Oak Leaf Cluster and "V" Device, [[Purple Heart]], [[Air Medal]], [[Combat Infantryman’s Badge]] with Star (two awards), [[Army Staff Identification Badge]], and [[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order]] (1st and 2nd Class). Dillard also received two civilian awards from the Republic of Vietnam: the Vietnam Rural Revolutionary Development Medal and the Vietnam Ethnic Development Service Medal (1st Class).
{|
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] (with [[Oak Leaf Cluster]])
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Silver Star ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Silver Star]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon.svg|}}
|[[Legion of Merit]] (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|other_device=v|type=oak|ribbon=Bronze Star ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]] (with Oak Leaf Cluster and "V" Device)
|-
|[[File:Purple Heart BAR.svg|105px]]
|[[Purple Heart]]
|-
|[[File:Air Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[Air Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Army Commendation Medal]] (with Oak Leaf Cluster)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Army Good Conduct ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Army Good Conduct Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=American_Defense_Service_ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[American Defense Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg|[[American Campaign Medal]]|75px}}
|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=Germany|ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Army of Occupation Medal]] with Germany Campaign Clasp
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[National Defense Service Medal]] (with Star)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=5|type=service-star|ribbon=Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Korean Service Medal]] (with 5 Campaign Stars)
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=5|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Service Ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Vietnam Service Medal]] (with 5 Campaign Stars)
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=ArmyDSMribbon.png|75px}}
|[[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order]], 1st Class
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Vietnam_Army_Distinguished_Service_Order_Ribbon_2nd_Class.png|75px}}
|[[Vietnam Distinguished Service Order]], 2nd Class
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=United Nations Service Medal for Korea Ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[United Nations Service Medal]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Vietnam Campaign Medal Ribbon.png|75px}}
|[[Vietnam Campaign Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=|type=|ribbon=Korean_War_Service_Medal_ribbon.png |75px}}
|[[Korean War Service Medal]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=|ribbon=Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=|ribbon=Meritorious_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg|75px}}
|[[Meritorious Unit Commendation]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=|ribbon=Presidential_Unit_Citation_(Korea).svg|75px}}
|[[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=oak|ribbon=Vietnam_gallantry_cross_unit_award-3d.svg |75px}}
|[[Vietnam Gallantry Cross]] Unit Citation with Palm
|}
==Dates of rank==
{| class="wikitable"  style=" margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]]
![[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]]
![[Captain (United States)|Captain]]
|-
!O-1
!O-2
!O-3
|-
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01b.svg|150px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-01a.svg|150px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-02.svg|150px]]
|-
!9 July 1947
!24 January 1949
!10 October 1950
|}
<br>
{| class="wikitable"  style=" margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Major (United States)|Major]]
![[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
![[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]
|-
!O-4
!O-5
!O-6
|-
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-03.svg|150px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-04.svg|150px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-05.svg|150px]]
|-
!9 May 1957
!3 August 1962
!26 September 1969
|}
<br>
{| class="wikitable"  style=" margin:auto; width:100%;"
|-
![[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]]
![[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
|-
!O-7
!O-8
|-
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-06.svg|150px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"| [[File:Army-USA-OF-07.svg|150px]]
|-
!1 February 1972
!1 August 1975
|}


==Retirement==
==Retirement==
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* [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA313519718&v=2.1&u=gale&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=2bd371ad8f38a34add1a4834ed439dfc The Forgotten Sable Officer] |author= Colonel Stephen P. Perkins, U.S. Army, Retired|date=April–June 2012 |work=Pages 8-15|publisher=Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin |accessdate=January 19, 2014
* [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA313519718&v=2.1&u=gale&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=2bd371ad8f38a34add1a4834ed439dfc The Forgotten Sable Officer] |author= Colonel Stephen P. Perkins, U.S. Army, Retired|date=April–June 2012 |work=Pages 8-15|publisher=Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin |accessdate=January 19, 2014
* [http://articles.latimes.com/print/1989-11-15/news/mn-1713_1_black-troops |title= War and Black GIs" Memories: Veterans of the action in Korea set out on a painful journey to erase a record of shame. The quest proves elusive.]" |author= Broder, John M.|date=November 15, 1989|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=|accessdate=April 13, 2011
* [http://articles.latimes.com/print/1989-11-15/news/mn-1713_1_black-troops |title= War and Black GIs" Memories: Veterans of the action in Korea set out on a painful journey to erase a record of shame. The quest proves elusive.]" |author= Broder, John M.|date=November 15, 1989|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=|accessdate=April 13, 2011
* ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC&pg=PA130&lpg=PA130&dq=general+oliver+dillard&source=bl&ots=k9VX3EAOq1&sig=h56xT3w0TXiyN2oCl-zw6cCRGIg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GT6fT_iWLcfz6QH319WWAg&sqi=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=general%20oliver%20dillard&f=false Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea]'' author= William T. Bowers, William M. Hammond, George L. MacGarrigle
|date=August 21, 1996|work= |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |accessdate=April 13, 2011
* "[http://www.thepurpleheart.com/recipient/RecipientDetails.aspx?wid=11dc8ce8-e9a6-4e69-93e6-cd11ed6f923f Purple Heart recipient - Oliver Williams Dillard] date=|work=|publisher=National Purple Heart Hall of Honor|accessdate=June 11, 2012


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Revision as of 17:54, 22 February 2016

Oliver Williams Dillard Sr (born September 28, 1926 in Margaret; died June 16, 2015 in Canton, Michigan) was a retired major general of the United States Army.

Oliver was the son of Stonewall Jackson Dillard, a teacher, and his wife, the former Josiephine Williams. He graduated as the valedictorian of his 1942 class at Fairfield Industrial High School and attended his father's alma mater, Tuskegee Institute, on scholarship. He was a member of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps for two years, won the outstanding ROTC student award in 1943 and 1944, and served as a student instructor in his final year.

Though he was still enrolled in college, Dillard was drafted in 1945 and sent to basic training at Fort McClellan in Anniston that June. He was part of a group of black replacement troops that was stationed in Weißenburg in Bayern, a major magnet for displaced Germans in the aftermath of World War II. Dillard served as a company clerk in the 349th Field Artillery Group and was promoted to Technical Sergeant during that deployment.

Dillard's application to Officer Candidate School was approved and he was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia for Infantry OCS training in January 1947. Upon graduating with honors in July of that year he was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant. He was assigned to the 365th Infantry Regiment at Fort Dix, New Jersey.

In June 1950 Dillard joined the 3rd Battalion, 24th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division stationed at Camp Gifu, Japan for service during the Korean War. His regiment was deployed north of Pusan and charged with delaying the advance of North Korean forces along the Naktong River valley. Dillard's platoon took the lead in capturing a major junction at Yecheon, an accomplishment that was considered the first notable American ground victory of the war. Dillard was wounded that August and received treatment in Japan for his wounds. Upon his recovery, he was recruited to serve as a Captain in military intelligence under Lieutenant Colonel Melvin Blair.

In September Dillard was involved in setting up defensive positions for the 3rd Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment when enemy action disrupted Company L's position. He took a small group to reinforce the location and his heroic effectiveness was noted by assistant division commander Joseph Bradley in his Silver Star citation.

After active service in five campaigns, Dillard returned the United States to attend the Infantry Officers Advanced Course, graduating sixth in his class. From 1952 to 1954 he taught military science at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro. In 1954 he was assigned to the 4th Infantry Division in Gelnhausen, Germany and placed in command of Company C, 1st Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment. After several months, Colonel Kenneth Collins made him a Regimental Communications Officer. When the division was deactivated, Dillard was assigned as Chief of the Map Reading Committee for the 7th Army Noncommissioned Officer Academy in Munich.

Dillard then returned to the U.S. and graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1958. He went on to earn his bachelor of science at the University of Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska in 1960 and was then assigned to the G3 Section, Headquarters 1st U.S. Army at Fort Jay, New York. He served as Operations and Plans Officer and as Exercise G3, with the rank of Major, for the "Iroquois Hatchet" and "Mohawk Arrow" exercises simulating enemy land and air invasions, staged at Camp Drum.

Dillard was assigned to serve as deputy Chief of Mission for the U.S. Military Mission to Monrovia, Liberia in December 1960 and later was promoted to Operations Officer, assisting the African nation with its military and intelligence planning and helping to prepare Liberian troops to participate in United Nations intervention in the Congo.

In 1963 Dillar was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) in the Pentagon as leader of the Foreign Intelligence Assistance Section, Special Warfare and Foreign Assistance Branch, and also as Chief of the Europe, Africa, and Middle East Section.

While in Washington, Dillard completed a master of science in international affairs at George Washington University in 1965 and he became the first African American to graduate from the National War College at Fort Lesley J. McNair that same year. He was assigned to serve as an Operations and Training Staff Officer at the Institute of Special Studies at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. In 1967, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, Dillard was placed in command of a battalion of the 5th Combat Support Training Brigade at Fort Dix.

Following his training at the Foreign Service Institute's Vietnam Training Center, Colonel Dillard reported to the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MAC-V) as a Province Senior Advisor for the Kon Tum Province. He built a close relationship with South Korean Army Province Chief Nguyen Hop Doan and his civilian deputy, USAID employee Ken Lyvers. They collaborated in the organization of villages in the province to maintain food supplies and home defenses through the fighting.

In 1971 Dillard returned to Washington as Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. He oversaw the relocation of the Army Intelligence Center to Fort Huachuca, Arizona and expanded the MI branch with tactical battalions in each Divisiion and also supported development of the Guardrail aerial platform. In 1972 he was promoted to Brigadier General, the fifth African American to reach that rank in the U.S. Army, and the first to do so as an intelligence officer.


References

|date=August 21, 1996|work= |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |accessdate=April 13, 2011


External links

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