1963 church bombing

The 1963 church bombing was a racially motivated terrorist attack at the 16th Street Baptist Church on September 15, 1963. It took place less than a week after President John F. Kennedy placed the Alabama National Guard under federal command in order to secure the court-ordered integration of public schools in Birmingham, Mobile and Tuskegee. The crisis over school desegregation had consumed the city since the beginning of the school year, with four bombings in the four weeks preceeding. A total of 21 unsolved bombings over 8 years had already given the city the derisive nickname, "Bombingham"

The three-story 16th Street Baptist Church near Kelly Ingram Park, while not the most inflammatory congregation, had served as a rallying point for many civil rights activities, especially during the Birmingham Campaign of 1963. Its bombing proved to be a turning point of the U.S. civil rights movement of the 1960s, provoking horror and outrage that expanded the national campaign to correct injustices. Many consider the event to have provided the impetus for passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

September 15

Early in the morning on Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (Dynamite Bob) planted 19 sticks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At 10:25 that morning, just following the Youth Day sermon, "The Love That Forgives", the dynamite exploded, killing four of the eighty or so children that had retired to the downstairs assembly room for closing prayer. The four girls killed were Addie Mae Collins (14), Carole Robertson (14), Cynthia Wesley (14) and Denise McNair (11). Twenty-two other churchmembers were injured, including Sarah Collins, Addie Mae's older sister.

The explosion blew a large hole in the church's rear wall, and destroyed the back steps. All but one of the stained glass windows were completely shattered. The surviving panel depicted Christ surrounded by children. In that window, only the face of Christ was damaged. Five cars behind the church sustained heavy damage, with two of them destroyed. Windows in the laundry across the street were blown out in the blast.

Immediate aftermath

Immediately after the explosion, thousands of people rushed toward the church. Pastor John H. Cross urged people to leave the scene. Police fired rifles into the air as part of their attempts to control the "hysterical" crowd, which was eventually dispersed approximately two hours after the bomb went off. After receiving a request from Mayor Albert Boutwell and Police Chief Jamie Moore, Governor George C. Wallace sent 300 Alabama State Troopers to Birmingham to help restore order. Another 500 "non-Federalized" National Guardsmen were ordered to stand by at area armories. The remainder of the day was marked with sporadic outbursts of violence. The Birmingham City Council held an emergency meeting, but did not order a general curfew.

Two more black youths were killed that day. Johnnie Robinson (16) was shot by police after throwing stones at moving cars. Virgil Ware (13), on a bicycle, was shot by a white man on a motor scooter. Police exchanged shots with a black man armed with a shotgun near the church. Two white men reported being injured by blacks, one during an attempted robbery.

At least five fires were reported in black-owned businesses during the day. A rally by white students protesting school integration was broken up by police, as was a motorcade of adult segregationists on their way to join them.

Martin Luther King arrived on the evening of the bombing to meet with Fred Shuttlesworth. Before leaving Atlanta, he sent a telegram to President Kennedy, who was yachting in Rhode Island. He indicated that he would try to encourage non-violence on the part of Birmingham's blacks, but that he feared a "racial holocaust" in Birmingham if "immediate Federal steps" were not taken. Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent Burke Marshall and 25 FBI agents, including bomb experts from Washington, to assist with the investigation. King's message to Governor Wallace stated that "the blood of four little children [...] is on your hands. Your irresponsible and misguided actions have created in Birmingham and Alabama the atmosphere that has induced continued violence and now murder."

Birmingham Police detailed two men for questioning on the day of the bombing, but later released them. Inspector W. J. Haley estimated that at least 15 sticks of dynamite were used in the blast. Witnesses reported seeing a passing car speed away from the scene just before the blast, but were unable to identify the occupents. The city offered a $52,000 reward for the arrest of the bombers. Governor Wallace added $5,000 to the amount.

A funeral for three of the four victims¹ was attended by over 8,000 mourners, white and black, but no city officials.

Initial investigation

The local police effort characteristically adopted a defensive stance. Birmingham police first investigated the background of the victims–to determine if they had been active in the movement and thus not entirely innocent. The church custodian, an African American was questioned as a suspect. Three days after the tragedy, former Birmingham police commissioner Eugene (Bull) Connor addressed a crowd of 2,500 people at a Citizen's Council meeting saying, "If you're going to blame anyone for getting those children killed in Birmingham, it's your Supreme Court." Connor recalled that in 1954, after the Brown vs. Board of Education decision had been reached, he had said, "You're going to have bloodshed, and it's on them (the Court), not us." He also proposed that African-Americans may have set the bomb deliberately to provoke an emotional response, saying, "I wouldn't say it's above King's crowd."

The initial investigation was retarded by not only by uncooperative local officials, but also by a compromised Federal Bureau of Investigation. An FBI informant named singer Harry Belafonte as the organizer of the crime. Chambliss, who had not gone to great pains to disavow his role in the attack, was ultimately charged, but was acquitted for lack of evidence.

Later convictions

Years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers, but by order of director J. Edgar Hoover, had not disclosed the evidence to prosecutors. In 1977, new charges were brought by Alabama Attorney-General Bill Baxley and Chambliss was finally convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985.

After reopening the case several times, in 2000 the FBI assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton. Blanton and Cherry were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison. Cherry, who always denied his involvement, died on November 18, 2004.

Legacy

The song "Birmingham Sunday", composed by Richard Farina and recorded by Joan Baez, chronicled the events and aftermath of the bombing.

4 Little Girls, Spike Lee's 1997 documentary about the bombing, was nominated for an Academy Awards for "Best Documentary".

Notes

1. Carole Robertson's mother was so put off by Martin Luther King, Jr's statement that "the apathy and complacency of many Negroes who...[do] not engage in creative protest," were responsible for the murder, that she refused to participate in the joint services. (Wiener - 2001)

References

• Branch, Taylor (1988). Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954 -1963, New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0671687425.
• Sikora, Frank (April 1991). Until Justice Rolls Down: The Birmingham Church Bombing Case, Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817305203.
• Cobbs, Elizabeth H.; Smith, Petric J. (April 1994). Long Time Coming: An Insider’s Story of the Birmingham Church Bombing that Rocked the World, Birmingham, AL: Crane Hill. ISBN 1881548104.
• United Press International (September 16, 1963) "Six Dead After Church Bombing." Washington Post. - accessed January 10, 2007
• Hansen, Jeff and John Archibald. (September 15, 1997) "Church bomb felt like 'world shaking'." Birmingham News.
• Wiener, Jon. (June 11, 2001) "Southern Explosure." The Nation

External links

• Online archives at the Birmingham Public Library, including the investigation and trial
• website of the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute.