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Dukes was the third of eight children born to a Fairfield steelworker's family. He was a graduate of [[Fairfield Industrial High School]] served in US Army from [[1949]] to [[1950]]. After his discharge he worked for Dodge in Detroit, Michigan. In [[1954]] he re-enlisted for the [[Korean War]] and served until [[1957]]. He returned to Detroit, but, after being laid off in [[1958]] he came home to Fairfield to wait for his recall.
Dukes was the third of eight children born to a Fairfield steelworker's family. He was a graduate of [[Fairfield Industrial High School]] served in US Army from [[1949]] to [[1950]]. After his discharge he worked for Dodge in Detroit, Michigan. In [[1954]] he re-enlisted for the [[Korean War]] and served until [[1957]]. He returned to Detroit, but, after being laid off in [[1958]] he came home to Fairfield to wait for his recall.


Instead he decided in [[1959]] to enroll at Miles under the GI Bill. With his broader perspective on justice, and inspired by student protests in North Carolina, Dukes began urging fellow students to engage in public opposition to [[segregation]] in [[Birmingham]]. In December [[1961]] he drafted a public statement entitled "[[This We Believe]]"  which called for more educational and employment opportunities for African Americans. The statement was signed by hundreds of students and led to the organization of an [[Anti-Injustice Committee]] at the college. When it was presented to the [[Birmingham City Commission]], Commissioner [[Bull Connor]] responded with racial slurs and advised Dukes to go back North.
Instead he decided in [[1959]] to enroll at Miles under the GI Bill. With his broader perspective on justice, and inspired by student protests in North Carolina, Dukes began urging fellow students to engage in public opposition to [[segregation]] in [[Birmingham]]. He formed an [[Anti-Injustice Committee]] at the college and began formulating demands, including the desegregation of public buildings and businesses and the hiring of African Americans in stores and government departments. Dukes and his committee met with [[Sidney Smyer]], [[James Head]], [[Emil Hess]], [[Roper Dial]] and other white business leaders. When those meetings proved unproductive, the committee organized a [[Selective Buying Campaign]] at downtown stores in early [[1962]].


After researching the buying power of African American shoppers, Dukes and his committee met with [[Sidney Smyer]], [[James Head]], [[Emil Hess]], [[Roper Dial]] and other white business leaders. When those meetings proved unproductive, the committee organized a [[Selective Buying Campaign]] at downtown stores in early [[1962]]. The group coordinated closely with the [[Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights]] and was advised by its founder, [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]. It was also advised by Miles president [[Lucius Pitts]]. The boycott deeply cut into revenues for downtown stores and, though the merchants were often individually sympathetic to their black customers's complaints, they were reluctant to be perceived as capitulating to the demands of protesters. As a result of the actions, signs enforcing segregated restrooms and water fountains were removed from many stores, though some were later replaced. More importantly the movement helped organize the African American community and provided a precedent for successful public demonstrations and the economic influence of the black community.
After researching department store operations in Birmingham, Dukes determined that merchants operated on about a 15% margin while black shoppers accounted for about 25% of sales. Because "boycotts" as such were illegal, Dukes' AIC published leaflets proposing "selective buying" to as a form of demonstration. The group coordinated closely with the [[Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights]] and was advised by its founder, [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]. It was also advised by Miles president [[Lucius Pitts]]. The boycott deeply cut into revenues for downtown stores and, though the merchants were often individually sympathetic to their black customers's complaints, they were reluctant to be perceived as capitulating to the demands of protesters. As a result of the actions, signs enforcing segregated restrooms and water fountains were removed from many stores, though some were later replaced. More importantly the movement helped organize the African American community and provided a precedent for successful public demonstrations and the economic influence of the black community.
 
In December [[1961]] Dukes had drafted a public statement entitled "[[This We Believe]]"  which called for more educational and employment opportunities for African Americans. During the Selective Buying Campaign that statement was signed by hundreds of students and other citizens. When it was presented to the [[Birmingham City Commission]], Commissioner [[Bull Connor]] responded with racial slurs and advised Dukes to go back North.


During the Selective Buying Campaign, Dukes was visited by members of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] to gauge the readiness of Birmingham for massive non-violent demonstrations. After the conclusion of the campaign, Dukes informed them that he thought the city was ready. During the SCLC and ACMHR's [[Birmingham Campaign]], Dukes served both as a campus organizer and as an armed guard, protecting leaders during meetings. He was one of four leaders of a mass march from [[Thurgood Colored Methodist Episcopal Church]] on Easter Sunday, [[April 14]], and was arrested along with [[A. D. King]], [[Nelson Smith]] and [[John Porter]].
During the Selective Buying Campaign, Dukes was visited by members of the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]] to gauge the readiness of Birmingham for massive non-violent demonstrations. After the conclusion of the campaign, Dukes informed them that he thought the city was ready. During the SCLC and ACMHR's [[Birmingham Campaign]], Dukes served both as a campus organizer and as an armed guard, protecting leaders during meetings. He was one of four leaders of a mass march from [[Thurgood Colored Methodist Episcopal Church]] on Easter Sunday, [[April 14]], and was arrested along with [[A. D. King]], [[Nelson Smith]] and [[John Porter]].

Revision as of 22:13, 14 May 2012

Frank Dukes (born 1930 in Fairfield) was President of Miles College's student body in the early 1960's and an influential local Civil Rights Movement leader.

Dukes was the third of eight children born to a Fairfield steelworker's family. He was a graduate of Fairfield Industrial High School served in US Army from 1949 to 1950. After his discharge he worked for Dodge in Detroit, Michigan. In 1954 he re-enlisted for the Korean War and served until 1957. He returned to Detroit, but, after being laid off in 1958 he came home to Fairfield to wait for his recall.

Instead he decided in 1959 to enroll at Miles under the GI Bill. With his broader perspective on justice, and inspired by student protests in North Carolina, Dukes began urging fellow students to engage in public opposition to segregation in Birmingham. He formed an Anti-Injustice Committee at the college and began formulating demands, including the desegregation of public buildings and businesses and the hiring of African Americans in stores and government departments. Dukes and his committee met with Sidney Smyer, James Head, Emil Hess, Roper Dial and other white business leaders. When those meetings proved unproductive, the committee organized a Selective Buying Campaign at downtown stores in early 1962.

After researching department store operations in Birmingham, Dukes determined that merchants operated on about a 15% margin while black shoppers accounted for about 25% of sales. Because "boycotts" as such were illegal, Dukes' AIC published leaflets proposing "selective buying" to as a form of demonstration. The group coordinated closely with the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights and was advised by its founder, Fred Shuttlesworth. It was also advised by Miles president Lucius Pitts. The boycott deeply cut into revenues for downtown stores and, though the merchants were often individually sympathetic to their black customers's complaints, they were reluctant to be perceived as capitulating to the demands of protesters. As a result of the actions, signs enforcing segregated restrooms and water fountains were removed from many stores, though some were later replaced. More importantly the movement helped organize the African American community and provided a precedent for successful public demonstrations and the economic influence of the black community.

In December 1961 Dukes had drafted a public statement entitled "This We Believe" which called for more educational and employment opportunities for African Americans. During the Selective Buying Campaign that statement was signed by hundreds of students and other citizens. When it was presented to the Birmingham City Commission, Commissioner Bull Connor responded with racial slurs and advised Dukes to go back North.

During the Selective Buying Campaign, Dukes was visited by members of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to gauge the readiness of Birmingham for massive non-violent demonstrations. After the conclusion of the campaign, Dukes informed them that he thought the city was ready. During the SCLC and ACMHR's Birmingham Campaign, Dukes served both as a campus organizer and as an armed guard, protecting leaders during meetings. He was one of four leaders of a mass march from Thurgood Colored Methodist Episcopal Church on Easter Sunday, April 14, and was arrested along with A. D. King, Nelson Smith and John Porter.

Dukes graduated in 1962 and was hired by Pitts as MIles' Director of Public Affairs and Alumni Affairs that June. He later entered the ministry.

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References

  • Miles College Centennial History Committee (2005) Miles College: The First Hundred Years. Campus History Series. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0738517933

External links

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