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'''Coronavirus immunization''' includes efforts to design, manufacture and distribute vaccines to immunize the population against the SARS-CoV-2 virus which caued the [[2020 Coronavirus pandemic]].
'''Coronavirus immunization''' includes efforts to design, manufacture and distribute vaccines to immunize the population against the SARS-CoV-2 virus which caued the [[2020 Coronavirus pandemic]].


UAB and [[Southern Research]] also conducted vaccine research, including preclinical trials of the "AdCOVID" trial nasal vaccine developed by Altimmune of Gaithersburg, Maryland and "TNX-1800" developed by Tonix Pharmaceuticals. UAB Hospital also enrolled volunteers in a large-scale human trials for a vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca.
Alabama began administering vaccines to critical health-care workers in December [[2020]] and to the elderly and residents in group settings in January [[2021]].


The first vaccines to apply for FDA approval, those developed by Pfizer and Moderna, became available for the CDC to distribute through state health departments to healthcare providers and other critical populations in December 2020. In early December state health officer [[Scott Harris]] announced that the state was set to receive 40,950 doses of the Pfizer vaccine for distribution to frontline health-care workers later that month. The Moderna vaccine, approved on December 18, was made available shortly afterward.
==Vaccine research==
UAB and [[Southern Research]] participated in early clinical studies of several vaccine candidates.
 
Research teams headed by [[Troy Randall]] of the [[UAB Division of Clinical Immunology]] and [[Kevin Harrod]] of the [[UAB Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine]] joined with several researchers from the [[UAB Department of Microbiology]] in performing certain preclinical studies of an "AdCOVID" trial vaccine developed by Altimmune of Gaithersburg, Maryland. The potential vaccine, which would be administered by nasal injection, showed promising therapeutic results and advanced to Phase 1 safety trials in late 2020. Additional preclinical trials were conducted under [[UAB Department of Microbiology]] chair [[Frances Lund]]. The FDA placed a hold on Altimmune's Phase 2 trials on [[December 22]] as it gathered more data about manufacturing.
 
[[Southern Research]] carried out pre-clinical studies of another vaccine candidate, a live modified horsepox virus vaccine dubbed TNX-1800, in a partnership with Tonix Pharmaceuticals of Chatham, New Jersey. [[Raj Kalkeri]] of Southern Research's Infectious Disease Research Group led the local study. The company's Phase 1 trials concluded in November with positive results and an aim to begin human trials in early [[2021]]. Kalkeri's team also studied the immune responses of individuals who had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and no longer showed symptoms.


By January 22, 224,000 doses had been administered statewide and Alabama was receiving 50,000-60,000 doses per week. The restricted supply slowed the progress of vaccination beyond the initial group. [[UAB]] opened large-scale drive-through vaccination sites at the [[Hoover Met]] and at [[Parker High School]] in early February as the Biden administration ramped up allotments to states. A third vaccine from Johnson & Johnson was expected to become available during February, greatly expanding the rate of immunizations.
Beginning in late July, UAB began enrolling volunteers for a portion of a larger human trial study of a vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and Cambridge-based AstraZeneca. The research was led locally by [[Paul Goepfert]]. In September UAB began a clinical study of the effectiveness of tranexamic acid (TXA) in suppressing the virus' infectivity in patients with elevated levels of the extracellular protease plasmin due to comordities. [[Sadis Matalon]] and [[Timothy Ness]] were involved in developing the study.


==Vaccine research==
===Vaccine distribution==
Research teams headed by [[Troy Randall]] of the [[UAB Division of Clinical Immunology]] and [[Kevin Harrod]] of the [[UAB Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine]] joined with several researchers from the [[UAB Department of Microbiology]] in performing certain preclinical studies of an "AdCOVID" trial vaccine developed by Altimmune of Gaithersburg, Maryland. The potential vaccine, which would be administered by nasal injection, showed promising therapeutic results and advanced to Phase 1 safety trials in late 2020. Additional preclinical trials were conducted under [[UAB Department of Microbiology]] chair [[Frances Lund]].
In anticipation of the FDA's first Emergency Use Authorizations for vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna in early December 2020, the Alabama Department of Public Health began preparing to implement its distribution plans, prioritizing first-line workers in healthcare settings.


[[Southern Research]] carried out pre-clinical studies of another vaccine candidate, TNX-1800, in a partnership with Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. [[Raj Kalkeri]] of Southern Research’s Infectious Disease Research Group led the research. The company's Phase 1 trials concluded in November with positive results and an aim to begin human trials in early [[2021]]. Kalkeri's team also studied the immune responses of individuals who had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and no longer showed symptoms.
In early December state health officer [[Scott Harris]] announced that the state was set to receive 40,950 doses of the Pfizer vaccine for distribution to frontline health-care workers later that month. The initial shipment was just enough to vaccinate 20,475 of the state's 300,000 healthcare workers. Pfizer's first shipment of vaccines reached Alabama on [[December 15]]. The [[Birmingham VA Medical Center]] was the first to administer the vaccine in Birmingham, and [[Lee Elm Creel]] of [[Snowtown]] was the first to receive it there. On [[December 17]] ADPH learned that a second expected shipment of 20,000 doses would not arrive, greatly reducing the number of healthcare workers who could be vaccinated early.


Beginning in late July, UAB began enrolling volunteers for a portion of a larger human trial study of a vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca. The research was led locally by [[Paul Goepfert]]. In September UAB began a clinical study of the effectiveness of tranexamic acid (TXA) in suppressing the virus' infectivity in patients with elevated levels of the extracellular protease plasmin due to comordities. [[Sadis Matalon]] and [[Timothy Ness]] were involved in developing the study.
Moderna's vaccine candidate earned FHA emergency use authorization on [[December 18]], with an initial shipment of 84,000 doses expected in Alabama on Monday, [[December 21]] for distribution to healthcare workers.  


==Vaccine distribution==
The second group of vaccine candidates, including people over 75 years of age and those with comorbidities making them especially vulnerable to COVID-19, began receiving vaccinations on [[January 18]]. The state had been allotted 271,925 doses as of [[January 11]]. By January 22, 224,000 vaccine doses had been administered statewide and Alabama was receiving 50,000-60,000 doses per week. The restricted supply continued to hamper the progress of vaccination beyond the initial group.
With the FDA's first Emergency Use Authorizations for vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna in early December, the Alabama Department of Public Health began preparing to implement its distribution plans, prioritizing first-line workers in healthcare settings.


Alabama was set to receive 40,000 doses of the Pfizer vaccine during the first wave of shipments in mid-December, which was only enough to vaccinate 20,000 of the state's 300,000 healthcare workers. Pfizer's first shipment of vaccines reached Alabama on [[December 15]]. The [[Birmingham VA Medical Center]] was the first to administer the vaccine in Birmingham, and [[Lee Elm Creel]] of [[Snowtown]] was the first to receive it there. On December 17 ADPH learned that a second expected shipment of 20,000 doses would not arrive, greatly reducing the number of healthcare workers who could be vaccinated early. Moderna's vaccine candidate earned FHA emergency use authorization on [[December 18]], with an initial shipment of 84,000 doses expected in Alabama on Monday, [[December 21]] for distribution to healthcare workers. The second group of vaccine candidates, including people over 75 years of age and those with comorbidities making them especially vulnerable to COVID-19, began receiving vaccinations on [[January 18]]. The state was allotted 271,925 doses as of [[January 11]].
[[UAB]] initiated a drive-through vaccination site at the parking deck for [[UAB Hospital-Highlands]] in January. Expansion of those efforts was limited solely by available supply of the vaccine. UAB opened two more large-scale drive-through vaccination sites at the [[Hoover Met]] and at [[Parker High School]] in early February as the Biden administration ramped up allotments to states. UAB expected to be able to deliver 17,000 doses per week.


Most Alabamians not prioritized due to age, medical condition or essential status, would begin to have access to vaccination in early summer [[2021]]. No timeline has been established for vaccinating children under 16. The cost of the vaccines is free to all Americans, though some service fees may be charged to insurers or reimbursed through the Health Resources and Services Administration's Provider Relief Fund. UAB initiated a drive-through vaccination site at the parking deck for [[UAB Hospital-Highlands]] in January. Expansion of those efforts was limited solely by available supply of the vaccine.
Another single-dose vaccine from Johnson & Johnson was expected to become available during February, greatly expanding the rate of immunizations. Most Alabamians not prioritized due to age, medical condition or critical worker status, would begin to have access to vaccination in early summer [[2021]].


In February [[UAB]] opened large-scale vaccination sites at the [[Hoover Met]] and [[Parker High School]], with an anticipated capacity to deliver 17,000 injections per week.
No timeline has been established for vaccinating children under 16. The cost of the vaccines is free to all Americans, though some service fees may be charged to insurers or reimbursed through the Health Resources and Services Administration's Provider Relief Fund.


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{{Template:Coronavirus}}
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* Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Yasmeen Abutaleb; Lena H. Sun; & Josh Dawsey (December 17, 2020) "States report confusion as government reduces vaccine shipments, while Pfizer says it has ‘millions’ of unclaimed doses." ''The Washington Post''
* Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Yasmeen Abutaleb; Lena H. Sun; & Josh Dawsey (December 17, 2020) "States report confusion as government reduces vaccine shipments, while Pfizer says it has ‘millions’ of unclaimed doses." ''The Washington Post''
* Whites-Koditschek, Sarah (December 18, 2020) "Alabama shorted 20,000 vaccines in next week’s shipment, say feds cut allotment." {{BN}}
* Whites-Koditschek, Sarah (December 18, 2020) "Alabama shorted 20,000 vaccines in next week’s shipment, say feds cut allotment." {{BN}}
* "U.S. FDA puts early-stage trial of Altimmune's COVID-19 vaccine on hold." (December 23, 2020) Reuters
* "{{'}}The vaccine is coming{{'}}: Alabama health officials call for patience amid slow rollout." (January 6, 2021) Associated Press / {{BN}}
* "{{'}}The vaccine is coming{{'}}: Alabama health officials call for patience amid slow rollout." (January 6, 2021) Associated Press / {{BN}}
* Gore, Leada (January 11, 2021) "COVID vaccine update: 41,778 vaccines given in last week in Alabama, online scheduling portal opens." {{BN}}
* Gore, Leada (January 11, 2021) "COVID vaccine update: 41,778 vaccines given in last week in Alabama, online scheduling portal opens." {{BN}}
* Pillion, Dennis (January 17, 2021) "UAB launches drive-through COVID vaccine, shifts focus to 75+." {{BN}}
* Pillion, Dennis (January 17, 2021) "UAB launches drive-through COVID vaccine, shifts focus to 75+." {{BN}}
* Sharp, John & Ivana Hrynkiw (January 27, 2021) "Alabama’s problematic COVID-19 vaccine program leads to a rise of vaccine tourism." {{BN}}
* Sharp, John & Ivana Hrynkiw (January 27, 2021) "Alabama’s problematic COVID-19 vaccine program leads to a rise of vaccine tourism." {{BN}}
* Yurkanin, Amy (January 30, 2021) "UAB opening two larger sites for more COVID-19 vaccinations in Birmingham area." {{BN}}
* Yurkanin, Amy (February 2, 2021) "First large-scale COVID-19 vaccination sites open in Alabama." {{BN}}


[[Category:2020 Coronavirus pandemic]]
[[Category:2020 Coronavirus pandemic]]

Revision as of 11:52, 3 February 2021

Coronavirus immunization includes efforts to design, manufacture and distribute vaccines to immunize the population against the SARS-CoV-2 virus which caued the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic.

Alabama began administering vaccines to critical health-care workers in December 2020 and to the elderly and residents in group settings in January 2021.

Vaccine research

UAB and Southern Research participated in early clinical studies of several vaccine candidates.

Research teams headed by Troy Randall of the UAB Division of Clinical Immunology and Kevin Harrod of the UAB Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine joined with several researchers from the UAB Department of Microbiology in performing certain preclinical studies of an "AdCOVID" trial vaccine developed by Altimmune of Gaithersburg, Maryland. The potential vaccine, which would be administered by nasal injection, showed promising therapeutic results and advanced to Phase 1 safety trials in late 2020. Additional preclinical trials were conducted under UAB Department of Microbiology chair Frances Lund. The FDA placed a hold on Altimmune's Phase 2 trials on December 22 as it gathered more data about manufacturing.

Southern Research carried out pre-clinical studies of another vaccine candidate, a live modified horsepox virus vaccine dubbed TNX-1800, in a partnership with Tonix Pharmaceuticals of Chatham, New Jersey. Raj Kalkeri of Southern Research's Infectious Disease Research Group led the local study. The company's Phase 1 trials concluded in November with positive results and an aim to begin human trials in early 2021. Kalkeri's team also studied the immune responses of individuals who had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and no longer showed symptoms.

Beginning in late July, UAB began enrolling volunteers for a portion of a larger human trial study of a vaccine candidate developed by Oxford University and Cambridge-based AstraZeneca. The research was led locally by Paul Goepfert. In September UAB began a clinical study of the effectiveness of tranexamic acid (TXA) in suppressing the virus' infectivity in patients with elevated levels of the extracellular protease plasmin due to comordities. Sadis Matalon and Timothy Ness were involved in developing the study.

=Vaccine distribution

In anticipation of the FDA's first Emergency Use Authorizations for vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna in early December 2020, the Alabama Department of Public Health began preparing to implement its distribution plans, prioritizing first-line workers in healthcare settings.

In early December state health officer Scott Harris announced that the state was set to receive 40,950 doses of the Pfizer vaccine for distribution to frontline health-care workers later that month. The initial shipment was just enough to vaccinate 20,475 of the state's 300,000 healthcare workers. Pfizer's first shipment of vaccines reached Alabama on December 15. The Birmingham VA Medical Center was the first to administer the vaccine in Birmingham, and Lee Elm Creel of Snowtown was the first to receive it there. On December 17 ADPH learned that a second expected shipment of 20,000 doses would not arrive, greatly reducing the number of healthcare workers who could be vaccinated early.

Moderna's vaccine candidate earned FHA emergency use authorization on December 18, with an initial shipment of 84,000 doses expected in Alabama on Monday, December 21 for distribution to healthcare workers.

The second group of vaccine candidates, including people over 75 years of age and those with comorbidities making them especially vulnerable to COVID-19, began receiving vaccinations on January 18. The state had been allotted 271,925 doses as of January 11. By January 22, 224,000 vaccine doses had been administered statewide and Alabama was receiving 50,000-60,000 doses per week. The restricted supply continued to hamper the progress of vaccination beyond the initial group.

UAB initiated a drive-through vaccination site at the parking deck for UAB Hospital-Highlands in January. Expansion of those efforts was limited solely by available supply of the vaccine. UAB opened two more large-scale drive-through vaccination sites at the Hoover Met and at Parker High School in early February as the Biden administration ramped up allotments to states. UAB expected to be able to deliver 17,000 doses per week.

Another single-dose vaccine from Johnson & Johnson was expected to become available during February, greatly expanding the rate of immunizations. Most Alabamians not prioritized due to age, medical condition or critical worker status, would begin to have access to vaccination in early summer 2021.

No timeline has been established for vaccinating children under 16. The cost of the vaccines is free to all Americans, though some service fees may be charged to insurers or reimbursed through the Health Resources and Services Administration's Provider Relief Fund.

Coronavirus rendering.jpg COVID-19 pandemic
Topics

COVID-19 pandemic | Timeline | Treatments and research | Immunization | COVID deaths | Business casualties | Birmingham Strong | GuideSafe

References

  • Patchen, Tyler (July 13, 2020) "Covid-19 vaccine trial involving UAB shows promising results." Birmingham Business Journal
  • Thornton, William (July 22, 2020) "Southern Research collaborating on COVID-19 vaccine tests." The Birmingham News
  • Pillion, Dennis (July 24, 2020) "Alabama hospital seeking volunteers for COVID vaccine trial." The Birmingham News
  • Patchen, Tyler (October 13, 2020) "More promising news for UAB vaccine efforts with Altimmune." Birmingham Business Journal
  • Yurkanin, Amy (November 16, 2020) "COVID-19 vaccine in Alabama will be free, first doses could be available by December." The Birmingham News
  • Patchen, Tyler (November 19, 2020) "Southern Research and Tonix make headway in Covid-19 vaccine." Birmingham Business Journal
  • Whites-Koditschek, Sarah (December 6, 2020) "Here comes the vaccine. But will Alabamians take it?" The Birmingham News
  • Yurkanin, Amy (December 15, 2020) "World War II veteran receives first COVID-19 vaccine in Birmingham." The Birmingham News
  • Stanley-Becker, Isaac; Yasmeen Abutaleb; Lena H. Sun; & Josh Dawsey (December 17, 2020) "States report confusion as government reduces vaccine shipments, while Pfizer says it has ‘millions’ of unclaimed doses." The Washington Post
  • Whites-Koditschek, Sarah (December 18, 2020) "Alabama shorted 20,000 vaccines in next week’s shipment, say feds cut allotment." The Birmingham News
  • "U.S. FDA puts early-stage trial of Altimmune's COVID-19 vaccine on hold." (December 23, 2020) Reuters
  • "'The vaccine is coming': Alabama health officials call for patience amid slow rollout." (January 6, 2021) Associated Press / The Birmingham News
  • Gore, Leada (January 11, 2021) "COVID vaccine update: 41,778 vaccines given in last week in Alabama, online scheduling portal opens." The Birmingham News
  • Pillion, Dennis (January 17, 2021) "UAB launches drive-through COVID vaccine, shifts focus to 75+." The Birmingham News
  • Sharp, John & Ivana Hrynkiw (January 27, 2021) "Alabama’s problematic COVID-19 vaccine program leads to a rise of vaccine tourism." The Birmingham News
  • Yurkanin, Amy (February 2, 2021) "First large-scale COVID-19 vaccination sites open in Alabama." The Birmingham News
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