Timeline of the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham: Difference between revisions

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==[[1963]]==
==[[1963]]==
===Winter to early spring===
[[Image:Protester at Lovemans.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A picketer outside [[Loveman's]].]]
[[Image:Protester at Lovemans.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A picketer outside [[Loveman's]].]]
* [[January 18]]: [[Governor of Alabama|Governor]] [[George Wallace]] made his first inauguration speech, calling for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".
* [[January 18]]: [[Governor of Alabama|Governor]] [[George Wallace]] made his first inauguration speech, calling for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".
* Tuesday, [[April 2]]: [[Albert Boutwell]] won a runoff against [[Bull Connor]] in the [[1963 Birmingham mayoral election]].
* Tuesday, [[April 2]]: [[Albert Boutwell]] won a runoff against [[Bull Connor]] in the [[1963 Birmingham mayoral election]].
* [[April 3]]-[[May 10]]: [[Birmingham Campaign]]
 
** Wednesday, [[April 3]]: ("B-Day") The "[[Birmingham Manifesto]]" was issued and the first organized sit-ins took place at downtown lunch counters. [[Kress]], [[Loveman's]], [[Pizitz]] and [[Woolworth's]] closed their lunch counters. Twenty demonstrators were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]].
=== [[Birmingham Campaign]] ([[April 3]]-[[May 10]]) ===
** Thursday, [[April 4]]:  [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] led a small group in a march to [[Birmingham City Hall]].
* Wednesday, [[April 3]]: ("B-Day") The "[[Birmingham Manifesto]]" was issued and the first organized sit-ins took place at downtown lunch counters. [[Kress]], [[Loveman's]], [[Pizitz]] and [[Woolworth's]] closed their lunch counters. Twenty demonstrators were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]].
** Friday, [[April 5]]: Ten demonstrators were arrested at lunch counters at [[Lane Drugs]] and the [[Tutwiler Drug Store]].
* Thursday, [[April 4]]:  [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] led a small group in a march to [[Birmingham City Hall]].
** Saturday, [[April 6]]: [[Fred Shuttlesworth]] and [[Charles Billups]] led a march from the [[A. G. Gaston Motel]] toward [[Birmingham City Hall]]. Police met the demonstrators at [[18th Street North|18th Street]] and [[5th Avenue North]] and arrested 30 marchers.
* Friday, [[April 5]]: Ten demonstrators were arrested at lunch counters at [[Lane Drugs]] and the [[Tutwiler Drug Store]].
** Sunday, [[April 7]] (Palm  Sunday): Ministers [[John Thomas Porter]], [[Nelson H. Smith]] and [[A. D. King]] led a group of 2,000 marchers from [[St Paul Methodist Church]] to protest the jailing of marchers the day before. The march was stopped near [[Henley School]] where the demonstrators knelt in prayer. Twenty-six marchers were arrested and police dogs were used to disperse onlookers. [[Leroy Allen]], one of the marchers, was knocked down and bitten by a dog.
* Saturday, [[April 6]]: [[Fred Shuttlesworth]] and [[Charles Billups]] led a march from the [[A. G. Gaston Motel]] toward [[Birmingham City Hall]]. Police met the demonstrators at [[18th Street North|18th Street]] and [[5th Avenue North]] and arrested 30 marchers.
** Monday, [[April 8]]: Small-scale "hit and run" sit-ins took place at several downtown lunch counters.
* Sunday, [[April 7]] (Palm  Sunday): Ministers [[John Thomas Porter]], [[Nelson H. Smith]] and [[A. D. King]] led a group of 2,000 marchers from [[St Paul Methodist Church]] to protest the jailing of marchers the day before. The march was stopped near [[Henley School]] where the demonstrators knelt in prayer. Twenty-six marchers were arrested and police dogs were used to disperse onlookers. [[Leroy Allen]], one of the marchers, was knocked down and bitten by a dog.
** Monday, [[April 9]]: Eight picketers, one a white man from Illinois, were arrested for protesting outside [[Loveman's]]. Blind entertainer Al Hibbler joined the protesters, but was not arrested. He enjoined fellow protesters to help him into a paddy wagon, but was released without charge.
* Monday, [[April 8]]: Small-scale "hit and run" sit-ins took place at several downtown lunch counters.
** Wednesday, [[April 10]]: Most downtown lunch counters were closed for the day. Twenty-seven protesters were arrested while gathered on the 400 block of [[19th Street North]]. Nine were arrested at the [[Bohemian Bakery]] and three more were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]]. Eleven demonstrators took seats at the [[Birmingham Public Library]], but left before police arrived to remove them. Circuit Court judge [[William Jenkins]] issued an injunction against "boycotting, trespassing, parading, picketing, sit-ins, kneel-ins, wade-ins, and inciting or encouraging such acts."
* Monday, [[April 9]]: Eight picketers, one a white man from Illinois, were arrested for protesting outside [[Loveman's]]. Blind entertainer Al Hibbler joined the protesters, but was not arrested. He enjoined fellow protesters to help him into a paddy wagon, but was released without charge.
** Thursday, [[April 11]]: Twelve demonstrators were arrested on [[18th Street North|18th Street]] between [[2nd Avenue North|2nd]] and [[4th Avenue North]]. The [[Birmingham Public Library]] board voted to desegregate the city's public libraries.
* Wednesday, [[April 10]]: Most downtown lunch counters were closed for the day. Twenty-seven protesters were arrested while gathered on the 400 block of [[19th Street North]]. Nine were arrested at the [[Bohemian Bakery]] and three more were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]]. Eleven demonstrators took seats at the [[Birmingham Public Library]], but left before police arrived to remove them. Circuit Court judge [[William Jenkins]] issued an injunction against "boycotting, trespassing, parading, picketing, sit-ins, kneel-ins, wade-ins, and inciting or encouraging such acts."
** Friday, [[April 12]] (Good Friday): [[Martin Luther King, Jr]], [[Ralph Abernathy]] and [[Fred Shuttlesworth]] led a march from [[St Paul's Methodist Church]] and were met by police at [[18th Street North|18th Street]] and [[5th Avenue North]]. The marchers were arrested for parading without a permit. White clergymen issued "[[A Call for Unity]]", urging an end to demonstrations as a show of support for the incoming city council. Another letter, "[[A Statement by Some of the Negro Leaders of Metropolitan Birmingham]]" was also printed, explaining that the demonstrations were evidence of "striving" rather than "strife", and urging the creation of a bi-racial council to discuss ways both races could "live together in human dignity".
* Thursday, [[April 11]]: Twelve demonstrators were arrested on [[18th Street North|18th Street]] between [[2nd Avenue North|2nd]] and [[4th Avenue North]]. The [[Birmingham Public Library]] board voted to desegregate the city's public libraries.
** Saturday, [[April 13]] : Six picketers were arrested at [[Atlantic Mills]] at 1216 [[8th Avenue North]].
* Friday, [[April 12]] (Good Friday): [[Martin Luther King, Jr]], [[Ralph Abernathy]] and [[Fred Shuttlesworth]] led a march from [[St Paul's Methodist Church]] and were met by police at [[18th Street North|18th Street]] and [[5th Avenue North]]. The marchers were arrested for parading without a permit. White clergymen issued "[[A Call for Unity]]", urging an end to demonstrations as a show of support for the incoming city council. Another letter, "[[A Statement by Some of the Negro Leaders of Metropolitan Birmingham]]" was also printed, explaining that the demonstrations were evidence of "striving" rather than "strife", and urging the creation of a bi-racial council to discuss ways both races could "live together in human dignity".
** Sunday, [[April 14]]: (Easter Sunday): Volunteers conducted "[[Kneel-ins]]" at area white churches. Five black visitors were seated at [[1st Baptist Church]] and two were seated at [[1st Presbyterian Church]]. African-American visitors were denied entrance to several other white churches. [[John Porter]], [[N. H. Smith]] and [[Frank Dukes]] were among thirty-two demonstrators, of approximately 1,000 who marched, who were arrested en route to [[Birmingham City Hall]]. Later another "[[March to the Jail]]" was broken up by police.
* Saturday, [[April 13]] : Six picketers were arrested at [[Atlantic Mills]] at 1216 [[8th Avenue North]].
** Monday, [[April 15]]: Five protesters were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]] and four more at [[Sears]]. [[Albert Boutwell]] and the new [[Birmingham City Council]] were sworn in, but the existing [[Birmingham City Commission]] refused to hand over power, resulting in parallel governments occupying City Hall.
* Sunday, [[April 14]]: (Easter Sunday): Volunteers conducted "[[Kneel-ins]]" at area white churches. Five black visitors were seated at [[1st Baptist Church]] and two were seated at [[1st Presbyterian Church]]. African-American visitors were denied entrance to several other white churches. [[John Porter]], [[N. H. Smith]] and [[Frank Dukes]] were among thirty-two demonstrators, of approximately 1,000 who marched, who were arrested en route to [[Birmingham City Hall]]. Later another "[[March to the Jail]]" was broken up by police.
** Tuesday, [[April 16]]: Two protesters at [[Bohemian Bakery]] were among seven people arrested for demonstrating. [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] completed his "[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]"
* Monday, [[April 15]]: Five protesters were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]] and four more at [[Sears]]. [[Albert Boutwell]] and the new [[Birmingham City Council]] were sworn in, but the existing [[Birmingham City Commission]] refused to hand over power, resulting in parallel governments occupying City Hall.
** Wednesday, [[April 17]]: Reverend [[Henry Crawford]] led a group of fifteen churchwomen on a march to the [[Jefferson County Courthouse]] where they intended to register to vote. They were met on the 1600 block of [[6th Avenue South]] and arrested.
* Tuesday, [[April 16]]: Two protesters at [[Bohemian Bakery]] were among seven people arrested for demonstrating. [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] completed his "[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]"
** Thursday, [[April 18]]: Demonstrators returned to two lunch counters. They found one closed and the other was open, but servers ignored the demonstrators. No arrests were made.
* Wednesday, [[April 17]]: Reverend [[Henry Crawford]] led a group of fifteen churchwomen on a march to the [[Jefferson County Courthouse]] where they intended to register to vote. They were met on the 1600 block of [[6th Avenue South]] and arrested.
** Friday, [[April 19]]: Eleven protesters were arrested at the lunch counter in the [[2121 Building]]. The [[Birmingham Chamber of Commerce]] denounced King for creating "hate and dissension" and the city sought a contempt order to curtail demonstrations.
* Thursday, [[April 18]]: Demonstrators returned to two lunch counters. They found one closed and the other was open, but servers ignored the demonstrators. No arrests were made.
** Saturday, [[April 20]]: Seven picketers were arrested outside the [[Pizitz Building]]. Seven others were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]], seven more at [[Tillman Levenson]], and four at [[Atlantic Mills]].
* Friday, [[April 19]]: Eleven protesters were arrested at the lunch counter in the [[2121 Building]]. The [[Birmingham Chamber of Commerce]] denounced King for creating "hate and dissension" and the city sought a contempt order to curtail demonstrations.
** Sunday, [[April 21]]: A second week of "Kneel-in" demonstrations took place. Black visitors were seated at [[First Baptist Church of Birmingham]], [[First Presbyterian Church of Birmingham]], and the [[Episcopal Church of the Advent]]. Prospective black worshipers were turned away from [[First Methodist Church of Birmingham]], [[First Christian Church]], [[Woodlawn Baptist Church]], [[Southside Baptist Church]] and [[Highlands Methodist Church]].
* Saturday, [[April 20]]: Seven picketers were arrested outside the [[Pizitz Building]]. Seven others were arrested at [[Britt's Cafeteria]], seven more at [[Tillman Levenson]], and four at [[Atlantic Mills]].
** Monday, [[April 22]]: Sit-in protesters were denied service at the [[Woolworth's]], [[H. L. Green]] and [[Britt's Cafeteria]] lunch counters. There were no arrests.
* Sunday, [[April 21]]: A second week of "Kneel-in" demonstrations took place. Black visitors were seated at [[First Baptist Church of Birmingham]], [[First Presbyterian Church of Birmingham]], and the [[Episcopal Church of the Advent]]. Prospective black worshipers were turned away from [[First Methodist Church of Birmingham]], [[First Christian Church]], [[Woodlawn Baptist Church]], [[Southside Baptist Church]] and [[Highlands Methodist Church]].
** Tuesday, [[April 23]]: Five teenagers were arrested for picketing at [[Atlantic Mills]].
* Monday, [[April 22]]: Sit-in protesters were denied service at the [[Woolworth's]], [[H. L. Green]] and [[Britt's Cafeteria]] lunch counters. There were no arrests.
** Wednesday, [[April 24]]: Hearings began on motions to overturn Jenkins' injunction against demonstrations.
* Tuesday, [[April 23]]: Five teenagers were arrested for picketing at [[Atlantic Mills]].
** Wednesday, [[May 1]]: Judge [[William Jenkins]] issues fines and five-day sentences for 11 leaders who defied his injunction against public demonstrations.
* Wednesday, [[April 24]]: Hearings began on motions to overturn Jenkins' injunction against demonstrations.
** Thursday, [[May 2]] ("D-Day"): The [[Children's Crusade]] began with large groups of students converging at [[Birmingham City Hall]] to protest [[Bull Connor]] and his police actions. 40% of [[Parker High School]]'s student body was reported absent. Nearly 1,000 children were arrested, filling the jails with eager students.  
* Wednesday, [[May 1]]: Judge [[William Jenkins]] issues fines and five-day sentences for 11 leaders who defied his injunction against public demonstrations.
** Friday, [[May 3]] ("Double D-Day"): With the jails full and thousands more demonstrators filing out of [[16th Street Baptist Church]], [[Bull Connor]] ordered the use of [[police dogs and firehoses]] to break up the marches. Sixty young people were arrested in the vicinity of [[Kelly Ingram Park]], Fifty at [[20th Street North|20th Street]] and [[2nd Avenue North]], 30 at a church on [[7th Avenue North]], and twenty-seven more near City Hall. With more than 3,000 prisoners to house and the jails filled, hundreds of children were locked up at [[Fair Park]].
* Thursday, [[May 2]] ("D-Day"): The [[Children's Crusade]] began with large groups of students converging at [[Birmingham City Hall]] to protest [[Bull Connor]] and his police actions. 40% of [[Parker High School]]'s student body was reported absent. Nearly 1,000 children were arrested, filling the jails with eager students.  
** Saturday, [[May 4]]: Thousands more demonstrators arrived at [[Kelly Ingram Park]], facing the same tactics from police. President Kennedy dispatched Burke Marshall and [[John Doar]] to negotiate an end to the standoff.
* Friday, [[May 3]] ("Double D-Day"): With the jails full and thousands more demonstrators filing out of [[16th Street Baptist Church]], [[Bull Connor]] ordered the use of [[police dogs and firehoses]] to break up the marches. Sixty young people were arrested in the vicinity of [[Kelly Ingram Park]], Fifty at [[20th Street North|20th Street]] and [[2nd Avenue North]], 30 at a church on [[7th Avenue North]], and twenty-seven more near City Hall. With more than 3,000 prisoners to house and the jails filled, hundreds of children were locked up at [[Fair Park]].
** Sunday, [[May 5]]: Additional [[Kneel-ins]] were held around the city. After a mass meeting at [[New  Pilgrim Baptist Church]] congregants made a spontaneous march to [[Birmingham City Jail]] to cheer prisoners there. [[Police dogs and fire hoses]] were brought to the scene, but not used. The group held a brief prayer service at [[Memorial Park|Behrens Park]] and returned to the church.
* Saturday, [[May 4]]: Thousands more demonstrators arrived at [[Kelly Ingram Park]], facing the same tactics from police. President Kennedy dispatched Burke Marshall and [[John Doar]] to negotiate an end to the standoff.
** Monday, [[May 6]]: Comedian Dick Gregory led 800 young marchers toward [[Birmingham City Hall]], submitting to arrest at [[17th Street North]]. With the jails still full, police bus demonstrators to county jails, the [[Alabama State Fairgrounds]] and other sites.
* Sunday, [[May 5]]: Additional [[Kneel-ins]] were held around the city. After a mass meeting at [[New  Pilgrim Baptist Church]] congregants made a spontaneous march to [[Birmingham City Jail]] to cheer prisoners there. [[Police dogs and fire hoses]] were brought to the scene, but not used. The group held a brief prayer service at [[Memorial Park|Behrens Park]] and returned to the church.
** Tuesday, [[May 7]]: Student marchers fanned out and converged on the downtown business district at lunchtime, avoiding police blockades and becoming newly visible to the city's white citizenry. Back at [[Kelly Ingram Park]] police knocked Shuttlesworth off his feet with spray from a fire hose, hospitalizing him.
* Monday, [[May 6]]: Comedian Dick Gregory led 800 young marchers toward [[Birmingham City Hall]], submitting to arrest at [[17th Street North]]. With the jails still full, police bus demonstrators to county jails, the [[Alabama State Fairgrounds]] and other sites.
** Wednesday, [[May 8]]: Moderate black leaders and federal negotiators formulated a truce with the business community to end demonstrations. Shuttlesworth checked himself out of the hospital to confront the SCLC leaders, insisting that the compromises were unacceptable and demanding more specific concessions.
* Tuesday, [[May 7]]: Student marchers fanned out and converged on the downtown business district at lunchtime, avoiding police blockades and becoming newly visible to the city's white citizenry. Back at [[Kelly Ingram Park]] police knocked Shuttlesworth off his feet with spray from a fire hose, hospitalizing him.
** Friday, [[May 10]]: A modified truce was announced by Shuttlesworth at a press conference at the [[A. G. Gaston Motel]], ending the [[Birmingham Campaign]]. He collapsed after his prepared remarks while King continued to field questions.
* Wednesday, [[May 8]]: Moderate black leaders and federal negotiators formulated a truce with the business community to end demonstrations. Shuttlesworth checked himself out of the hospital to confront the SCLC leaders, insisting that the compromises were unacceptable and demanding more specific concessions.
* Friday, [[May 10]]: The [[Birmingham Truce]] was announced by Shuttlesworth at a press conference at the [[A. G. Gaston Motel]], ending the [[Birmingham Campaign]]. He collapsed after his prepared remarks while King continued to field questions.
 
===Aftermath===
* Saturday, [[May 11]]: [[A. D. King]]'s [[A. D. King residence|residence]] and the [[A. G. Gaston Motel]] were hit by devastating bombs. [[May 1963 riot|Rioting]] spread across the city.
* Saturday, [[May 11]]: [[A. D. King]]'s [[A. D. King residence|residence]] and the [[A. G. Gaston Motel]] were hit by devastating bombs. [[May 1963 riot|Rioting]] spread across the city.
* Monday, [[May 12]]; President Kennedy moved riot-control troops to military bases in the vicinity of [[Birmingham]].
* Monday, [[May 12]]; President Kennedy authorized [[Operation Oak Tree]], moving riot-control troops to military bases in the vicinity of [[Birmingham]].
* Monday, [[May 20]]: The [[Birmingham Board of Education]] voted to expel all 1,081 students arrested for demonstrating.
* Monday, [[May 20]]: The [[Birmingham Board of Education]] voted to expel all 1,081 students arrested for demonstrating.
* Wednesday, [[May 22]]: A federal judge reversed the expulsion of [[Birmingham City Schools]] students arrested for demonstrating.
* Wednesday, [[May 22]]: A federal judge reversed the expulsion of [[Birmingham City Schools]] students arrested for demonstrating.
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* Tuesday, [[June 11]]: Governor Wallace made his "[[Stand in the schoolhouse door]]" before [[Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]] successfully enrolled at the [[University of Alabama]]. President Kennedy responded with a nationally-televised address endorsing Civil Rights.
* Tuesday, [[June 11]]: Governor Wallace made his "[[Stand in the schoolhouse door]]" before [[Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]] successfully enrolled at the [[University of Alabama]]. President Kennedy responded with a nationally-televised address endorsing Civil Rights.
* Wednesday, [[June 19]]: The [[Birmingham Parks & Recreation Board]] voted to reopen municipal golf courses within 10 days.
* Wednesday, [[June 19]]: The [[Birmingham Parks & Recreation Board]] voted to reopen municipal golf courses within 10 days.
===Summer===
* Friday, [[July 12]]: The U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit ruled in [[Armstrong v. Board of Education]] that [[Birmingham City Schools]] must [[desegregation|desegregate]], beginning that Fall.
* Friday, [[July 12]]: The U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit ruled in [[Armstrong v. Board of Education]] that [[Birmingham City Schools]] must [[desegregation|desegregate]], beginning that Fall.
* Tuesday, [[July 16]]: A public meeting regarding school desegregation ended in shouting and disorder.
* Tuesday, [[July 16]]: A public meeting regarding school desegregation ended in shouting and disorder.
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* Tuesday ,[[September 3]]: Alabama State Troopers arrived uninvited to block school integration in Birmingham.
* Tuesday ,[[September 3]]: Alabama State Troopers arrived uninvited to block school integration in Birmingham.
* Wednesday, [[September 4]]: [[Dwight Armstrong|Dwight]] and [[Floyd Armstrong]] became the first black students successfully enrolled at a white [[Birmingham City Schools|public school]] in Birmingham ([[Graymont Elementary School]]). Protestors at several schools waved Confederate flags and racial signcards.
* Wednesday, [[September 4]]: [[Dwight Armstrong|Dwight]] and [[Floyd Armstrong]] became the first black students successfully enrolled at a white [[Birmingham City Schools|public school]] in Birmingham ([[Graymont Elementary School]]). Protestors at several schools waved Confederate flags and racial signcards.
* September 4: [[Arthur Shores]]' [[Arthur Shores residence|house]] was [[Bombingham|bombed again]].
* Wednesday, September 4: [[Arthur Shores]]' [[Arthur Shores residence|house]] was [[Bombingham|bombed again]].
* Thursday, [[September 5]]: Three [[Birmingham City Schools]] were closed at Governor Wallace's request.
* Thursday, [[September 5]]: Three [[Birmingham City Schools]] were closed at Governor Wallace's request.
* Saturday, [[September 7]]: Governor Wallace praised [[Edward Fields]] for his efforts to preserve segregated schools during a fundraiser at the [[Thomas Jefferson Hotel]].
* Saturday, [[September 7]]: Governor Wallace praised [[Edward Fields]] for his efforts to preserve segregated schools during a fundraiser at the [[Thomas Jefferson Hotel]].
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* Tuesday, [[September 17]]: The funeral for [[Carole Robertson]] was held at [[St John AME Church]].
* Tuesday, [[September 17]]: The funeral for [[Carole Robertson]] was held at [[St John AME Church]].
* Wednesday, [[September 18]]: [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] eulogized the remaining three victims of the church bombing at a joint funeral at [[6th Avenue Baptist Church]].
* Wednesday, [[September 18]]: [[Martin Luther King, Jr]] eulogized the remaining three victims of the church bombing at a joint funeral at [[6th Avenue Baptist Church]].
===Fall===
* Wednesday, [[September 25]]: Two bombs exploded in [[Center Street South]] in [[Titusville]], apparently intended to draw a crowd and then spray them with shrapnel. No one was hurt, but a deep crater was left in the street and shrapnel was sprayed into nearby walls.
* Wednesday, [[September 25]]: Two bombs exploded in [[Center Street South]] in [[Titusville]], apparently intended to draw a crowd and then spray them with shrapnel. No one was hurt, but a deep crater was left in the street and shrapnel was sprayed into nearby walls.
* Sunday, [[October 6]]: A full-page ad in the ''[[Birmingham News]]'' called on the City of Birmingham to consider hiring black police officers.
* Sunday, [[October 6]]: A full-page ad in the ''[[Birmingham News]]'' called on the City of Birmingham to consider hiring black police officers.

Revision as of 14:20, 19 June 2014

This is a Timeline of the Civil Rights Movement in Birmingham, covering related events throughout the Birmingham District during the Civil Rights Movement from 1935 to 1965:

Before 1954

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

Winter to early spring

A picketer outside Loveman's.

Birmingham Campaign (April 3-May 10)

Aftermath

Summer

Fall

  • Wednesday, September 25: Two bombs exploded in Center Street South in Titusville, apparently intended to draw a crowd and then spray them with shrapnel. No one was hurt, but a deep crater was left in the street and shrapnel was sprayed into nearby walls.
  • Sunday, October 6: A full-page ad in the Birmingham News called on the City of Birmingham to consider hiring black police officers.
  • Sunday, October 20: Another full-age ad in the Birmingham News called on the city to tackle a number of unresolved tensions regarding race.
  • Tuesday, October 22: Birmingham rejected the proposal to hire black police officers.
  • Friday, November 22: President John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

1964

1965

1967

See also

  • Bombingham, a timeline of race-related bombings around the city

References

  • White, Marjorie Longenecker (1998) A Walk to Freedom: The Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, 1956-1964. Birmingham: Birmingham Historical Society. ISBN 0943994241
  • McWhorter, Diane (2001) Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0743226488
  • Huntley, Horace & John W. McKerley (2009) Foot Soldiers for Democracy: The Men, Women, and Children of the Birmingham Civil Rights Movement. University of Illinois Press (link)
  • Wright, Barnett (January 1, 2013) "1963 in Birmingham, Alabama: A timeline of events". The Birmingham News
Civil Rights Movement (1956–1965)
Documents Segregation laws · ACMHR Declaration of Principles · Nonviolence pledge · Birmingham Manifesto · A Call For Unity · Appeal for Law and Order · Letter from Birmingham Jail · Birmingham Truce · Civil Rights Act of 1964
Events Freedom Rides · Who Speaks for Birmingham? · Selective Buying Campaign · Birmingham Campaign · Good Friday march · Children's Crusade · Police dogs and firehoses · List of racially-motivated bombings · 1963 church bombing · May 1963 riot
Organizations Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights · Birmingham City Commission · Ku Klux Klan · Miles College · NAACP · Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Activists Fred Shuttlesworth · Martin Luther King Jr · A. D. King · James Bevel · Frank Dukes · Edward Gardner · Lola Hendricks · Colonel Stone Johnson · Autherine Lucy · Vivian Malone · Joseph Lowery · James Orange · Nelson Smith Jr · John Porter · Abraham Woods Jr
Other figures Albert Boutwell · Robert Chambliss · Bull Connor · A. G. Gaston · Art Hanes · Lucius Pitts · Sidney Smyer · J. B. Stoner · "8 white clergymen" · Virgil Ware · "4 little girls"
Places Kelly Ingram Park · A. G. Gaston Motel · Movement churches
Legacy Birmingham Civil Rights Heritage Trail · Birmingham Civil Rights Institute · Birmingham Pledge
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